Full Blood Count:

Haemoglobin is the iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues. 

Haematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells in your blood, indicating the proportion of your blood volume occupied by red blood cells. 

Mean Cell Haemoglobin is the average amount of hemoglobin in each of your red blood cells.

Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) is the average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red blood cells.

Mean Corpuscular Volume  measures the average size of your red blood cells.

Red Blood Cell Count measures the number of red blood cells in a microliter of blood, which helps determine the blood's capacity to carry oxygen.

Basophil Count measures the number of basophils, a type of white blood cell that plays a role in allergic reactions and inflammation, in a blood sample.

Eosinophil Count  measures the number of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, in your blood, which can indicate conditions like allergic reactions, parasitic infections, or other medical issues.

Lymphocyte Count measures the number of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell crucial for immune function, in a blood sample, indicating the body's ability to fight infections and other diseases.

Monocyte Count measures the number of monocytes, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system by engulfing and destroying pathogens and cellular debris.

Neutrophil Count measures the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in fighting infections, in a blood sample.

White Blood Cell Count measures the total number of white blood cells in a blood sample, which helps assess the body's ability to fight infections and other diseases.

Platelet Count  measures the number of platelets in your blood, which are essential for blood clotting.

Heart Health:

Total Cholesterol is a measurement of the total amount of cholesterol in the blood. This includes low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterols. Cholesterol is used to produce hormones for development, growth and reproduction.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a form of cholesterol which is considered ‘good’ cholesterol because it helps remove cholesterol from the heart’s arteries.

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is considered ‘bad’ cholesterol because it contributes to cholesterol build-up and blockage in the arteries.

Total Cholesterol/HDL Cholesterol Ratio is a calculation derived from a cholesterol blood test, used to assess cardiovascular risk, by dividing the total cholesterol number by the HDL ("good") cholesterol number; a higher ratio generally indicates a greater risk of heart disease. 

Triglyceride is another type of fat (not the same as cholesterol) found in the bloodstream.

Apolipoprotein A-I is the main protein component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), often called "good cholesterol," and plays a crucial role in removing cholesterol from cells and transporting it back to the liver for processing or elimination.

Apolipoprotein B is a key protein component of several lipoprotein particles, including LDL ("bad" cholesterol) and VLDL, and is essential for the transport of cholesterol and other fats in the bloodstream.

Apolipoprotein B / A-I Ratio is a calculation that compares the levels of ApoB-containing "bad" cholesterol particles to ApoA-I-containing "good" cholesterol particles, and it is used as an indicator of cardiovascular risk, with a higher ratio generally suggesting a greater risk. 1    

High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein measures low levels of CRP, a protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation, and is used primarily to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease; higher levels can indicate increased risk even when other risk factors like cholesterol are normal.

Cardiovascular Risk Score is an estimation of an individual's likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease (like heart attack or stroke) over a specific time period (usually 10 years).

Urinalysis:

Bilirubin can be found in bile and red blood cells. Total bilirubin tests can be used to diagnose and monitor liver diseases and some types of anaemia.

Glucose is the main sugar source of energy in the body. Blood glucose levels are an important indicator of blood sugar control and can be used to diagnose diabetes.

Ketones are produced when the body breaks down fat for energy instead of glucose. Elevated ketone levels can indicate uncontrolled diabetes or starvation.

Nitrite A molecule involved in vasodilation (blood vessel widening) can be a marker for nitric oxide production, which is important for cardiovascular health.

PH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity in the urine. Normal urine pH is slightly acidic. Abnormal pH can indicate various health problems.

Protein is an essential building block for body tissues and plays various roles. Blood protein levels can be used to assess overall health and diagnose certain conditions.

Red blood cells are cells that carry oxygen throughout the body. Red blood cell counts and characteristics can be used to diagnose anaemia and other blood disorders.

Urobilinogen a breakdown product of bilirubin, a pigment involved in red blood cell breakdown. Urobilinogen levels in urine can be used to assess liver and bile duct function.

White blood cells that defend the body against infection and inflammation. White blood cell count, and type can be used to diagnose infections, immune system disorders, and some cancers.

Kidney Function

Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscles and the kidney removes it via the urine. Creatinine tests are used as an indicator of whether the kidneys are working normally.

eGFR stands for Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate. It's a measure of how well your kidneys are filtering waste products from your blood.

Magnesium is an essential mineral involved in hundreds of bodily functions, including muscle and nerve function, blood sugar control, blood pressure regulation, energy production, and bone health. Deficiency can lead to symptoms such as muscle cramps, fatigue, and in severe cases, abnormal heart rhythms.

Chloride is an electrolyte involved in maintaining fluid balance and regulating pH levels. Testing for chloride levels is necessary to assess electrolyte imbalances, kidney function, or certain medical conditions. Monitoring chloride levels helps diagnose and manage conditions such as dehydration, kidney disorders, or blood pH imbalances. Monitoring chloride level is important in situations like persistent vomiting and/or diarrhoea. Chloride imbalances may occur with changes in levels of the other electrolytes.

Potassium is a crucial electrolyte involved in nerve function, muscle contraction, and maintaining heart rhythm. Testing for potassium levels is necessary to assess electrolyte imbalances, kidney function, or certain medical conditions. Monitoring potassium levels reveals and helps manage conditions such as electrolyte imbalances, hypertension, or kidney disease. A high or low potassium level can be dangerous, and testing helps correct this.

Phosphate is a mineral involved in bone formation, energy metabolism, and cell signalling. Abnormal phosphate levels can indicate various medical conditions, such as kidney disease, hormonal disorders, or nutritional deficiencies. Testing helps identify individuals at risk of phosphate abnormalities, enabling appropriate interventions, including dietary modifications or supplementation.

Sodium is an electrolyte involved in fluid balance and nerve function. Testing for sodium levels is necessary to evaluate electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, or certain medical conditions. Monitoring sodium levels helps assess hydration status, guide appropriate treatments, and maintain electrolyte balance for overall health and well-being. A low sodium level can be dangerous, and testing helps monitor for this.

Urea is a waste product that is filtered out of the bloodstream by the kidneys and passed out of the body in the urine. Urea tests are used to show how well the kidneys are working as well as an indicator for diseases affecting the kidneys and liver.

Uric acid is a waste product formed from the breakdown of purines, which are substances found naturally in the body's cells and in certain foods and drinks. Normally, uric acid dissolves in the blood and is filtered out by the kidneys, exiting the body in urine. However, if the body produces too much uric acid or the kidneys don't eliminate enough, it can build up in the blood (a condition called hyperuricemia) and potentially form crystals in the joints, leading to gout, a painful form of arthritis, or kidney stones. 

Adjusted calcium blood test is a calculation used to estimate the level of ionized calcium in your blood based on your total calcium and albumin levels.

Liver Health:

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme primarily found in liver cells, and elevated levels in the blood often indicate liver damage or disease.

Alkaline Phosphatase  (ALP) is an enzyme found in various tissues throughout the body, with higher concentrations in the liver, bile ducts, and bones, and elevated levels in the blood can indicate liver disease, bone disorders, or other medical conditions.   

Aspartate Transferase (AST) is an enzyme found in high concentrations in the liver, heart, and muscles, and elevated levels in the blood can indicate damage to these tissues, most commonly the liver.

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) is an enzyme found mostly in the liver and in smaller amounts in the gallbladder, spleen, pancreas and kidney. It is important for the metabolism of drugs, alcohol and other toxins. GGT tests can be used to detect problems with metabolism such as excessive alcohol intake and problems with the organs where it is found.

Total Bilirubin can be found in bile and red blood cells. Total bilirubin tests can be used to diagnose and monitor liver diseases and some types of anaemia.

Albumin is a protein produced in the liver. It has many functions such as transporting hormones, vitamins and medications throughout the body. Albumin tests can be used to help diagnose and monitor diseases of the liver and kidney.

Ferritin is a protein that stores iron in your body, primarily in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, and its levels in the blood reflect the body's iron stores.

Nutritional Health:

Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) is a measure of the overall ability of the blood and other bodily fluids to neutralise harmful free radicals and protect against oxidative stress, reflecting the combined effect of all antioxidants present, including enzymes, vitamins, and other compounds.

Folic acid is the synthetic form of folate, a B vitamin (B9) essential for cell growth and development, particularly important during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in the developing fetus. It is also involved in the formation of red blood cells and DNA synthesis.   

Vitamin B12 , also known as cobalamin, is an essential water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in nerve function, red blood cell formation, DNA synthesis, and energy production. It is primarily found in animal products and fortified foods, and deficiency can lead to fatigue, nerve damage, and anemia. 

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a vital role in calcium absorption, promoting bone growth and strength. It also supports immune function, muscle function, and may have other health benefits. Deficiency is common and can lead to bone disorders like rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, as well as potentially increasing the risk of other health problems.

Iron Status:

Iron is a mineral which is needed for making red blood cells, which transports oxygen in the blood, and which is important for healthy muscles, bone marrow and healthy organ function. Low levels of iron can indicate anaemia whereas high levels can indicate liver disease.

Ferritin is a blood protein that is used to store iron. Iron is used for the transportation of oxygen in the blood. Ferritin is measured to understand how much iron the body is storing. Ferritin tests are used to help diagnose anaemia and liver disease.

Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) Iron is used for the transportation of oxygen in the blood. Total Iron Binding Capacity tests are used to determine iron status and its absorption from the gut. They can be helpful for diagnosing anaemia and iron overload conditions such as Haemochromatosis. Your TIBC may be impaired if you also have existing liver disease.

Transferrin is an iron-binding protein that is produced by the liver. It is used to transport iron which transports oxygen in the blood. Transferrin tests are used to determine iron status and can be used to diagnose anaemia.

Transferrin saturation is a blood test that measures how much iron is bound to transferrin, a protein responsible for carrying iron in the bloodstream.

Muscle & Joint Health:   

Creatine Kinase (CK) is an enzyme found mainly in the heart, brain, skeletal muscle, and other tissues. Elevated levels of CK in the blood typically indicate muscle damage or stress, and different CK isoenzymes can help pinpoint the affected tissue

CK-MB is one of three isoenzymes (forms) of the enzyme creatine kinase, and it is primarily found in heart muscle. When heart muscle is damaged, such as during a heart attack, CK-MB is released into the bloodstream. Measuring CK-MB levels in the blood can help detect heart damage, although the troponin test is now more commonly used due to its higher specificity for the heart. Elevated CK-MB levels can indicate a recent heart attack or other conditions causing heart muscle injury.

Myoglobin is an oxygen-storing protein in muscles; its release into the blood indicates muscle damage, including potentially the heart, though it's not specific to cardiac injury. Elevated levels can suggest conditions like muscle trauma or heart attack, often requiring further testing for confirmation.

Thyroid Health:

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is made by the pituitary gland in the brain to stimulate the thyroid gland (located by the throat). The hormones that are produced by the thyroid regulate weight, body temperature and muscle strength. Levels of TSH are an indicator of thyroid disease and are commonly tested with Free T4.

Free T4 (free thyroxine) is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. This hormone is involved in several body functions including metabolism and growth. It can be used for the diagnosis of thyroid diseases such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism as well as aiding the diagnosis of female infertility problems. Free T4 is commonly tested with TSH.

Free T3 (free tri-iodothyronine) is a hormone produced by the thyroid glands. This hormone is involved in several body functions including metabolism. It can be used to aid the diagnosis of thyroid diseases such as hyperthyroidism. Free T3 is commonly tested with Free T4 and TSH.

Male Hormonal Health:

Testosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the male testes and the adrenal glands in both men and women. This hormone production is stimulated and controlled by the luteinizing hormone. Testosterone is seen in large amounts in boys during puberty, causing the growth of body hair and muscle development. It also regulates the male sex drive and maintain muscle mass. It is found in small amounts in females from the ovary. Testosterone test is used to diagnose various conditions such as erectile dysfunction and infertility in men.

Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) is a protein produced by the liver. Its main function is to bind and transport the hormones oestradiol, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the blood. The SHBG test is used to diagnose testosterone deficiency in men and is used to investigate the production of testosterone in women.

Free Androgen Index (FAI) is a calculation derived from a blood test that estimates the amount of free testosterone in your blood. Free testosterone is the active form of the hormone, meaning it's not bound to proteins and can exert its effects on the body.

Female Hormonal Health:

Luteinising Hormone (LH) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a key role in sexual development and reproduction. In women, it triggers ovulation and stimulates progesterone production, while in men, it stimulates testosterone production in the testes.

Testosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the male testes and the adrenal glands in both men and women. This hormone production is stimulated and controlled by the luteinizing hormone. Testosterone is seen in large amounts in boys during puberty, causing the growth of body hair and muscle development. It also regulates the male sex drive and maintain muscle mass. It is found in small amounts in females from the ovary. Testosterone test is used to diagnose various conditions such as erectile dysfunction and infertility in men.

Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) is a protein produced by the liver. Its main function is to bind and transport the hormones oestradiol, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the blood. The SHBG test is used to diagnose testosterone deficiency in men and is used to investigate the production of testosterone in women.

Free Androgen Index (FAI) is a calculation derived from a blood test that estimates the amount of free testosterone in your blood. Free testosterone is the active form of the hormone, meaning it's not bound to proteins and can exert its effects on the body.

Bone Health:

Alkaline Phosphatase  (ALP) is an enzyme found in various tissues throughout the body, with higher concentrations in the liver, bile ducts, and bones, and elevated levels in the blood can indicate liver disease, bone disorders, or other medical conditions.   

Adjusted calcium blood test is a calculation used to estimate the level of ionized calcium in your blood based on your total calcium and albumin levels.

Phosphate is a mineral involved in bone formation, energy metabolism, and cell signalling. Abnormal phosphate levels can indicate various medical conditions, such as kidney disease, hormonal disorders, or nutritional deficiencies. Testing helps identify individuals at risk of phosphate abnormalities, enabling appropriate interventions, including dietary modifications or supplementation.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a vital role in calcium absorption, promoting bone growth and strength. It also supports immune function, muscle function, and may have other health benefits. Deficiency is common and can lead to bone disorders like rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, as well as potentially increasing the risk of other health problems.