Full Blood Count:

Full Blood Count (FBC) provides information about the different cells in the blood, these include the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Red blood cells contain haemoglobin which carries oxygen to the different tissues in the body whereas white blood cells control the immune system and protect the body from foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses. FBC testing are used as a screening test for various disorders like anaemia and infections. FBC includes the following Individual Biomarkers: Haemoglobin, Haematocrit, mean cell Haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), Mean cell volume, red blood cell count, Basophil count, Eosinophil count, Lymphocyte count, Monocyte count, Neutrophil count, white blood cell count, platelet count.

Heart Health:

Total Cholesterol is a measurement of the total amount of cholesterol in the blood. This includes low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterols. Cholesterol is used to produce hormones for development, growth and reproduction.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a form of cholesterol which is considered ‘good’ cholesterol because it helps remove cholesterol from the heart’s arteries.

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is considered ‘bad’ cholesterol because it contributes to cholesterol build-up and blockage in the arteries.

Total Cholesterol: HDL Ratio is a mathematical calculation which indicates the ratio of total cholesterol versus ‘good’ (HDL) cholesterol in the blood.

Triglyceride is another type of fat (not the same as cholesterol) found in the bloodstream.

HDL percentage. This is the percentage of Total Cholesterol that consists of ‘good’ (HDL) cholesterol

Liver Health:

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found mostly in the liver and bone. Abnormal levels of this enzyme can be a sign of liver or bone disease.

Alanine Transaminase (ALT) is an enzyme found mostly in the liver and in smaller amounts in the heart, kidneys and muscles. It is released into the bloodstream during an injury to the liver, heart, kidneys and muscles and an abnormal level can be a sign of a problem with one of these organs.

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme found mostly in the liver and in smaller amounts in the heart and muscles. It is released into the bloodstream during an injury to the liver, heart and muscles and an abnormal level can be a sign of a problem with one of these organs.

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) is an enzyme found mostly in the liver and in smaller amounts in the gallbladder, spleen, pancreas and kidney. It is important for the metabolism of drugs, alcohol and other toxins. GGT tests can be used to detect problems with metabolism such as excessive alcohol intake and problems with the organs where it is found.

Total Bilirubin can be found in bile and red blood cells. Total bilirubin tests can be used to diagnose and monitor liver diseases and some types of anaemia.

Albumin is a protein produced in the liver. It has many functions such as transporting hormones, vitamins and medications throughout the body. Albumin tests can be used to help diagnose and monitor diseases of the liver and kidney.

Kidney Function

Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscles and the kidney removes it via the urine. Creatinine tests are used as an indicator of whether the kidneys are working normally.

eGFR stands for Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate. It's a measure of how well your kidneys are filtering waste products from your blood.

Chloride is an electrolyte involved in maintaining fluid balance and regulating pH levels. Testing for chloride levels is necessary to assess electrolyte imbalances, kidney function, or certain medical conditions. Monitoring chloride levels helps diagnose and manage conditions such as dehydration, kidney disorders, or blood pH imbalances. Monitoring chloride level is important in situations like persistent vomiting and/or diarrhoea. Chloride imbalances may occur with changes in levels of the other electrolytes.

Potassium is a crucial electrolyte involved in nerve function, muscle contraction, and maintaining heart rhythm. Testing for potassium levels is necessary to assess electrolyte imbalances, kidney function, or certain medical conditions. Monitoring potassium levels reveals and helps manage conditions such as electrolyte imbalances, hypertension, or kidney disease. A high or low potassium level can be dangerous, and testing helps correct this.

Phosphate is a mineral involved in bone formation, energy metabolism, and cell signalling. Abnormal phosphate levels can indicate various medical conditions, such as kidney disease, hormonal disorders, or nutritional deficiencies. Testing helps identify individuals at risk of phosphate abnormalities, enabling appropriate interventions, including dietary modifications or supplementation.

Sodium is an electrolyte involved in fluid balance and nerve function. Testing for sodium levels is necessary to evaluate electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, or certain medical conditions. Monitoring sodium levels helps assess hydration status, guide appropriate treatments, and maintain electrolyte balance for overall health and well-being. A low sodium level can be dangerous, and testing helps monitor for this.

Urea is a waste product that is filtered out of the bloodstream by the kidneys and passed out of the body in the urine. Urea tests are used to show how well the kidneys are working as well as an indicator for diseases affecting the kidneys and liver.

Adjusted calcium blood test is a calculation used to estimate the level of ionized calcium in your blood based on your total calcium and albumin levels.

Thyroid Function:

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is made by the pituitary gland in the brain to stimulate the thyroid gland (located by the throat). The hormones that are produced by the thyroid regulate weight, body temperature and muscle strength. Levels of TSH are an indicator of thyroid disease and are commonly tested with Free T4.

Free T4 (free thyroxine) is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. This hormone is involved in several body functions including metabolism and growth. It can be used for the diagnosis of thyroid diseases such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism as well as aiding the diagnosis of female infertility problems. Free T4 is commonly tested with TSH.

Free T3 (free triiodothyronine) is a hormone produced by the thyroid glands. This hormone is involved in several body functions including metabolism. It can be used to aid the diagnosis of thyroid diseases such as hyperthyroidism. Free T3 is commonly tested with Free T4 and TSH.

Antithyroglobulin Antibodies (Anti-Tg) are produced by the immune system as a defence mechanism to protect the thyroid against foreign invaders. Autoimmune conditions will increase the amount of anti-Tg in the body, attacking healthy thyroid cells. Anti-Tg tests are used to diagnose thyroid disorders and are an indicator for autoimmune conditions.

Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies (Anti-TPO) are produced by the immune system as a defence mechanism to protect the thyroid against foreign invaders. Autoimmune conditions will increase the amount of anti-TPO in the body, attacking healthy thyroid cells. Anti-TPO tests are used to diagnose thyroid disorders and are an indicator for autoimmune conditions.

Thyroid antibodies are produced when the immune system attacks the thyroid gland.

Bone Health:

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found mostly in the liver and bone. Abnormal levels of this enzyme can be a sign of liver or bone disease.

Diabetes Health:

HbA1C Glucose (a kind of sugar) builds up in the blood and binds to the haemoglobin in the red blood cells. A haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test is used to measure the average level of blood glucose over the past two to three months and is commonly used to diagnose and monitor diabetes.

Glucose A blood glucose test screens for diabetes by measuring the level of glucose (sugar) in a person’s blood. A high range could indicate pre-diabetes or diabetes. A glucose test is also used to monitor glucose control for those people who are already known to have diabetes.

Urinalysis:

Bilirubin can be found in bile and red blood cells. Total bilirubin tests can be used to diagnose and monitor liver diseases and some types of anaemia.

Glucose is the main sugar source of energy in the body. Blood glucose levels are an important indicator of blood sugar control and can be used to diagnose diabetes.

Ketones are produced when the body breaks down fat for energy instead of glucose. Elevated ketone levels can indicate uncontrolled diabetes or starvation.

Nitrite A molecule involved in vasodilation (blood vessel widening) can be a marker for nitric oxide production, which is important for cardiovascular health.

PH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity in the urine. Normal urine pH is slightly acidic. Abnormal pH can indicate various health problems.

Protein is an essential building block for body tissues and plays various roles. Blood protein levels can be used to assess overall health and diagnose certain conditions.

Red blood cells are cells that carry oxygen throughout the body. Red blood cell counts and characteristics can be used to diagnose anaemia and other blood disorders.

Urobilinogen a breakdown product of bilirubin, a pigment involved in red blood cell breakdown. Urobilinogen levels in urine can be used to assess liver and bile duct function.

White blood cells that defend the body against infection and inflammation. White blood cell count, and type can be used to diagnose infections, immune system disorders, and some cancers.

Muscle and joint health:

Creatine Kinase is an enzyme found in muscles. The Creatine kinase test can be used to diagnose and monitor muscular injuries and diseases such as muscular dystrophy.

Uric acid High levels of Urate (Uric acid) can cause gout which is a form of painful arthritis and kidney stones. The urate level can be used to detect a risk for these conditions.

Inflammation:

C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a protein which increases in the blood during inflammation. hs CRP tests are used to predict the risk of heart conditions such as a heart attack. It can also be used to indicate whether an infection is bacterial or viral.

Iron Status:

Iron is a mineral which is needed for making red blood cells, which transports oxygen in the blood, and which is important for healthy muscles, bone marrow and healthy organ function. Low levels of iron can indicate anaemia whereas high levels can indicate liver disease.

Ferritin is a blood protein that is used to store iron. Iron is used for the transportation of oxygen in the blood. Ferritin is measured to understand how much iron the body is storing. Ferritin tests are used to help diagnose anaemia and liver disease.

Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) Iron is used for the transportation of oxygen in the blood. Total Iron Binding Capacity tests are used to determine iron status and its absorption from the gut. They can be helpful for diagnosing anaemia and iron overload conditions such as Haemochromatosis. Your TIBC may be impaired if you also have existing liver disease.

Transferrin is an iron-binding protein that is produced by the liver. It is used to transport iron which transports oxygen in the blood. Transferrin tests are used to determine iron status and can be used to diagnose anaemia.

Transferrin saturation is a blood test that measures how much iron is bound to transferrin, a protein responsible for carrying iron in the bloodstream.

Hormonal Health:

Oestradiol is a form of oestrogen and the main female hormone produced by non-pregnant women. The hormone has an important role in the development of female physical features and reproductive functions. Oestradiol tests are used for the evaluation of ovarian functions. It can also be used to diagnose the cause of precocious and delayed puberty in girls as well as used to monitor hormone replacement therapy in peri-pausal and menopausal women.

Follicular Stimulating Hormone (FSH) a reproductive hormone that is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. FSH stimulates the growth and development of unfertilised eggs during the menstrual cycle in women and initiates the production of sex hormones such as oestradiol and progesterone. FSH is also used to stimulate the production of sperm in men. The FSH hormone is often tested with other sex hormones such as LH, testosterone, oestradiol and progesterone for diagnose infertility and pituitary gland disorders in men and women.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is a reproductive hormone that is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. This hormone is used to regulate the menstrual cycle and ovulation by stimulating the ovaries to produce other reproductive hormones in females whereas in men, LH stimulates and controls testosterone. The LH test is used to determine any reproductive problems.

Progesterone plays an important role in preparing a female body for pregnancy. This test can help to assess if a woman is ovulating normally and should be done on day 21 into a cycle.

Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary glands in the brain. The main role of prolactin is to promote lactation (breast milk production) in women during pregnancy and after childbirth. A prolactin test is used to diagnose infertility in both men and women as well as menstrual problems and erectile dysfunction.

Testosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the male testes and the adrenal glands in both men and women. This hormone production is stimulated and controlled by the luteinizing hormone. Testosterone is seen in large amounts in boys during puberty, causing the growth of body hair and muscle development. It also regulates the male sex drive and maintain muscle mass. It is found in small amounts in females from the ovary. Testosterone test is used to diagnose various conditions such as erectile dysfunction and infertility in men.

Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) is a protein produced by the liver. Its main function is to bind and transport the hormones oestradiol, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the blood. The SHBG test is used to diagnose testosterone deficiency in men and is used to investigate the production of testosterone in women.

Free Androgen Index (FAI) is a calculation derived from a blood test that estimates the amount of free testosterone in your blood. Free testosterone is the active form of the hormone, meaning it's not bound to proteins and can exert its effects on the body.

Globulins are a group of proteins found in your blood that play crucial roles in various bodily functions. They are produced primarily by the liver and the immune system.